Most of the top Bolshevik
officials in communist Russia from 1917-onward were Jewish by race/ethnicity.
The few non-Jewish officials in the list below are specifically noted as being
not Jewish. [Note on name spellings: Russian names are spelled differently
depending upon the source, e.g., Yoffe is also spelled Ioffe and sometimes
Joffe; Grigory is sometimes Grigori or even Grigorii].
It
should be noted that most of the Bolshevik leaders who were not Jewish
nonetheless had Jewish wives, e.g. Bukharin, Rykov, Molotov, Voroshilov, Kirov,
Dzherzhinsky, Lunacharsky. As such, the Jewish taproot that ran through Soviet
government from 1917-onward is larger than many people realize. Also, the term
‘Bolshevik’ is used rather loosely here.
1. Vladimir I.
Lenin [1870-1924]: first Premier of the USSR; Marxist theoretician; a lawyer;
founder of the Bolsheviks [1903]; supreme dictator of early Bolshevik regime;
founder of the Comintern; author of the Marxist handbook “State and
Revolution”; Lenin was one-quarter Jewish, and is rumored to have been married
to a crypto-Jew, however, evidence of that seems lacking.
2. Joseph Stalin
[1879-1953]: an early Bolshevik; supreme dictator of Soviet Union from
1927-1953. After V. Lenin’s death, and prior to 1927, the Bolshevik regime was
run by a triumvirate composed of Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Stalin. Stalin was the
editor of the Bolshevik newspaper, Pravda [“Truth”]. Stalin was married to a
Jewess, i.e. his third marriage, which apparently wasn’t officially formalized.
Stalin was not a vigorous supporter of forcing Communism upon other countries —
unlike Trotsky — a feature which likely prevented a Soviet assault upon various
Western countries. [Not Jewish].
3. Leon Trotsky
[t/n Bronstein] [1879-1940]: Trotsky was a Menshevik; was Commissar of Foreign
Affairs; supreme commander of the Soviet Red Army; member of Politburo; he
rebelled against Stalin and his supporters and was murdered by Stalin for that
reason. Trotsky strongly advocated the idea of global — not simply local —
Marxist revolution.
4. Lazar M.
Kaganovich [1893-1991]: a prime director of mass-murder for Stalin; held a
series of vocations, including commissar of transport, heavy industry and the
fuel industry; a Politburo member; he was Stalin’s brother-in-law and also his
chief advisor; many execution orders bore Kaganovich’s signature [1], evidence
that he had the power to order the deaths of civilians [2]. During the 1930s,
he was in charge of the deportations of “enemies of the state” to Siberia; was
nicknamed the “Wolf of the Kremlin” because of his penchant for violence. He was
considered by many to be the most powerful and important man under Stalin. Died
of old age in Moscow.
5. Grigory
Zinoviev [aka Apfelbaum; aka Radomyslsky] [1883-1936]: great pal of Lenin;
member of the Central Committee; chairman of the Comintern; member of
Politburo; executive of secret police; first president of the Third
International; A. Lunacharsky called him “one of the principal counsellors of
our Central Committee and [he] belongs unquestionably to the four or five men
who constitute the political brain of the Party.”
6. Grigori Y.
Sokolnikov [1888-1939]:a Bolshevik; friend of Trotsky; Commissar of Finance; a
diplomat; member of the “Left Opposition”; Soviet ambassador to England;
creator of the “chervonetz,” the first stable Soviet currency; was part of
“Russian” delegation that signed the Brest-Litovsk treaty in 1918; member of
the Central Committee and Politburo.
7. Moisei
Uritsky [1873-1918]: Uritsky was a Menshevik; chief of the Petrograd Cheka, in
which capacity he ordered many people who opposed Communism to be executed as
“counter-revolutionaries”; Commissar for Internal Affairs in the Northern
Region; the commissar of the Constituent Assembly; member of the Central
Committee; a member of the “Revolutionary Military Center.”
8. Felix Dzherzhinsky
[1877-1926]: a Pole; a high-strung fanatic; founder/director of the Cheka
[All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and
Sabotage], which was later renamed the State Political Directorate [GPU], which
later became the OGPU and then the NKVD [Peoples Commissariat for Internal
Affairs]; member, Central Committee; Commissar of Transport. [Not Jewish but
philosemitic and married to a Jew].
9. Maxim
Litvinov [aka Wallakh] [1876-1951]: Soviet foreign minister/diplomat/ambassador;
in 1933, he persuaded the United States to recognize the Communist Soviet
government as “legit” — thanks, in part, to America’s president F. D. Roosevelt
being part-Jewish; first chairman, State Committee on the Anthem [official
musical anthems].
10. Lavrenti
Beria [1899-1953]: member of the Cheka; later became head of the Peoples
Commissariat for Internal Affairs [NKVD] in Georgia, then later the NKVD
proper. Beria had large numbers of prisoners executed [3]; was involved in the
Atomic Bomb project in the USSR; [Beria was roughly 1/4 Jewish from his
mother’s ancestry].
11. Yakov
[Jacob] Sverdlov [aka Solomon] [1885-1919]: member, “Revolutionary Military
Center”; member, Central Committee; close buddy of Lenin; aided Lenin with
Lenin’s political theories; Sverdlov ordered the massacre of the Czar’s family
in 1918. Sverdlov succeeded Kamenev and became the second Jewish president of
the so-called “Soviet Republic.”
12. Sergei M.
Kirov [1886-1934]; early Bolshevik; member of the Politburo; Secretary of the
Central Committee; Communist Party boss in Leningrad. Stalin used Kirov’s
murder in 1934 to justify the party purges and treason trials of the late
1930s. [Apparently not Jewish but married to a Jew].
13. Nikolai V.
Krylenko [1885-1938]: an early Bolshevik; member of editorial board of Pravda;
member of the executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet; famous chess player;
member of the Communist Party Central Committee; a military commissar; as
President of the Supreme Tribunal he prosecuted most political trials in the
1920s; in 1931, Stalin appointed Krylenko Commissar of Justice; he was involved
in the convictions of many Communist Party members during the Great Purges.
[Not Jewish].
14. Karl Radek
[aka Sobelsohn] [1885-1939]; early revolutionary; old confidante of Lenin;
member of the Central Committee; an “international” Communist activist; a key
player in the creation of the Comintern; a writer for the Soviet government
newspaper Izvestia; participated in the Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations with Germany;
he also was active in Germany, working with Jewish-German Communist Rosa
Luxemburg.
15. Viacheslav
I. Molotov [1890-1986]: early Bolshevik; helped found Pravda newspaper; head of
the Ukrainian Communist Party; member of the Politburo; Commissar for Foreign
Affairs; headed a Politburo commission to “eliminate the kulaks as a class.”
[Apparently not Jewish but philosemitic; his wife was Jewish, named
Zhemchuzina].
16. Vladimir
Antonov-Ovseenko [1884-1939]: a former Menshevik; Chief of Political Administration
of the Red Army; an unofficial ambassador to Czechoslovakia and Poland;
Commissar for Military Affairs in Petrograd; Commissar of War; led the Red Army
invasion of the Ukraine; led the attack on the Winter Palace; editor of the
Menshevik “Nashe Slovo” newspaper.
17. Yakov
[Jacob] Yurovsky [y/b/d unknown]: head of Ekaterinburg Cheka; “Commissar of
Justice” for Ural Regional Soviet; the leader of the Bolshevik squad that
carried out the murders of Czar Nicholas II and his family in 1918. The murder
of mild-mannered Nicholas was carried out almost completely by Jews, including
Goloshchekin, Syromolotov, Safarov, Voikov, in addition to Yurovsky.
18. Grigory
Sergo Ordzhonikidze [1886-1937]; member of the Politburo; Commissar for Heavy
Industry; helped solidify Bolshevik power in Armenia and Georgia; Chairman of
the Caucasus Central Committee of the Communist Party; First Secretary of the
Transcaucasian Communist Party Committee; Chairman of the Central Committee of
the Bolshevik Party; became Stalin’s top economic official. [Apparently not
Jewish].
19. Genrikh
[Henry] Yagoda [1891-1938]; a Polish Jew; former Cheka member; an officer in
SMERSH, the Ninth Division of the OGPU, its liquidation arm; People’s Commissar
of Internal Affairs; chief of the NKVD; also in charge of gulag forced-labor
camps. Developing fast-acting poisons was a Yagoda hobby; he created a
laboratory for that purpose.
20. Lev Kamenev
[aka Rosenfeld] [1883-1936]; member of the Central Committee; Chairman of the
Moscow Soviet; member of Politburo; author of Marxist handbook “The
Dictatorship of the Proletariat,” 1920; was elected first President of new
Bolshevik government, aka “Soviet Republic” [Lenin was Premier]; was married to
Trotsky’s sister.
21. Anatoly V.
Lunacharsky [1875-1933]; an early Marxist; Commissar for Education and
Enlightenment; League of Nations ambassador; key player in persuading Russian
workers to support the Bolshevik Revolution; was an author – wrote the
“Revolutionary Silhouettes” of top Bolshevik pals; [Apparently not Jewish but
married to a Jew].
22. Fedor
[Theodore] Dan [1871-1947]: was a Menshevik; was a member of the editorial
board of the Menshevik journal “Iskra”; was author of the book “The Origins of
Bolshevism” [1943], where he claimed that Bolshevism had been chosen by history
to be “the carrier of socialism”; but he was actually an opponent of most
Bolshevik ideas; he was sent into exile in 1921 after being arrested; he was
married to Menshevik leader Julius Martov’s sister.
23. Nikolai
Bukharin [1888-1938]: Lenin’s chief Marxist theorist; general
secretary/chairman of the Comintern; member of the Politburo; member, Central
Committee; he was editor of Pravda and also Izvestia, a political newspaper;
led, with Rykov, the “Right Opposition” to defend the NEP [New Economic
Policy]; [Apparently not Jewish yet married to a Jew].
24. Nikolai
Yezhov [1895-1939]: early Bolshevik; served in various capacities in the Cheka,
GPU, and OGPU; was military commissar in various Red Army units; was G.
Yagoda’s deputy; People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs; head of NKVD; was
deputy People’s Commissar of Agriculture for the USSR.
25. Mikhail I.
Kalinin [1875-1946]; early Bolshevik; cofounder of the newspaper Pravda;
nominal, “puppet” president of Soviet Union until 1946; replaced Sverdlov as
Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Communist Party;
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.
26. Isaac
Steinberg [y/b/d unknown]; Commissar of Justice. Later brought Jewish-flavored
radicalism to Australia.
27. Alexei Rykov
[1881-1938]; Premier of Soviet Union until 1930; member of Lenin’s Politburo;
Commissar of the Interior; Chairman of the Supreme Council of National Economy;
Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars; led the “Right Opposition” with
Bukharin to defend the NEP [New Economic Policy]. [not Jewish, but married to a
Jew].
28. Matvei D.
Berman [y/b/d unknown]: chief of gulag system and Deputy Commissar of the NKVD;
brother of Boris.
29. Naftaly
Frenkel [y/b/d unknown]: a director of the gulag prison camp system;
Turkish-born; was works chief/chief overseer of the
one-hundred-and-forty-mile-long Belomor [White Sea-Baltic] canal project in
Russia, a canal linking the White Sea and the Baltic, built from 1931–34; it was
created entirely with slave labor; 60,000 workers died building the canal, the
project having a mortality rate of roughly 10%.
30. Adolph Yoffe
[aka Ioffe] [1883-1927]: Commissar of Foreign Affairs; ex-Menshevik; close
friend of Trotsky’s; helped publish the Pravda newspaper; delegate at the
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations; member of the State General Planning
Commission; was later Soviet ambassador to China, Japan and Austria.
31. Lev Inzhir
[y/b/d/ unknown]: chief accountant for the gulag prison system.
32. Boris Berman
[ -1938]: served as the Byelorussian NKVD’s Commissar until 1938; brother of
Matvei.
33. K. V. Pauker
[y/b/d unknown]: head of the Operations Department of the NKVD.
34. Aleksandr
Orlov [aka L. Feldbin] [1898-1970]: member of the Cheka; advisor to Spanish
Communists in Spain; commander, Soviet Red Army; later worked at the Law School
of the University of Michigan in America [!].
35. Ilya
Ehrenburg [1891-1967]: Soviet propaganda minister during WWII; delegate for
Moscow in the Supreme Soviet; Communist writer; organizing member of JAC
[Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee]; worked for Izvestia newspaper; performed
research regarding Spain for the NKVD; author of book “The Ninth Wave,” and
winner of two Stalin Prizes.
36. Yemelyan
Yaroslavsky [t/n M. I. Gubelman]; [birth/death dates unknown]; head of the
Central Control Commission; apparently was in charge of stopping the Christian
religion in Russia.
37. Pavel [aka
Paul] Axelrod [1850-1928]; co-founded Russia’s first socialist party with Georgii
Plekhanov.
38. A. B.
Khalatov [ ]; Commissar of publishing, head of food allocations in the Soviet
Union.
39. Yona Yakir [
-1937]; Soviet military general; a commander in Kiev; purged by Stalin.
40. A. A.
Slutsky [ ]; boss of Boris Berman [see above].
41. Semyon [aka
S.G.] Firin [ ]; a commander at the White Sea-Baltic canal project.
42. Jacob [aka
Yakov] Rappoport [ ]; a Latvian Jew; deputy commander at the White Sea-Baltic
canal project.
43. V.
Volodarsky [t/n M. M. Goldstein] [1891-1918] ; a Bolshevik; press commissar in
Petrograd; Ukranian; lived in America for some time; assassinated.
44. G. D. Sachs
[1882- ]; a Bolshevik; a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee which
directed the Bolshevik takeover of Russia.
45. Dziga Vertov
[t/n Denis or Dennis Kaufman] [1896- ]; involved in Soviet propaganda programs
involving film/movies.
46. Mikhail
Koltsov [ ]; a top Communist journalist in Russia.
47. Jaan Anvelt
[1884 – 1937]; head of the Estonia government controlled by Moscow.
48. Martyn
Latsis [ ]; top Cheka official; author of an early book about the Cheka.
49. I. A.
Teodorovich [ ]; Commissar of Provisions.
50. Simon [aka
Simeon] Dimanstein [ ]; Commissar of Nationalities; author.
51. Jacob
Fuerstenberg [aka “Ganetzsky”] [t/n Jakub Hanecki] [1879-1937]; Polish; a top
aide to Lenin and a key player in Lenin’s rise to power.
52. Alexander
Israel Helphand [aka “Parvus”] [1867-1924]; helped Trotsky develop the theory
of “permanent revolution.”
53. David
Riazanov [aka Goldenbach] [1870-1938]; responsible for Soviet government
publication of Karl Marx’s literary works.
54. Mikhail
Milshtein [ ] a military officer; deputy director of Soviet military
intelligence during WWII.
55. Gregory
Gershuni [1870-1908]; an early revolutionary in Russia; was involved in the
assassinations of Russian political leaders.
56. Polina S.
Zhemchuzhina [1884 -1970]; wife of Molotov; Deputy Commissar of the Food
Industry; Commissar of the Fish Industry.
57. Nikolai N.
Sukhanov [aka Nikolai Gimmer] [1882-1940]; an economist; a member of the
Contact Committee; an author.
58. I. P.
Meshkovsky [aka I. P. Goldenberg] [ ]; a member of the Central Committee.
59. David A.
Dragunsky [1910-1992]; a Colonel-General in the Soviet army.
60. Ivan D.
Chernyakhovsky [1906-1945]; Soviet military general.
[1]
Kaganovich’s signature as appearing on execution orders/lists: the book “The
Black Book of Communism,” Harvard University Press, USA, 1999, page 189,
hardcover.
[2]
about Kaganovich’s crimes: Here
[3]
Beria instigating the mass executions of the Katyn massacre: book “The Black
Book of Communism,” page 368-369, hardcover.
Sources
for the above document include, but are not limited to: the book “Red October,”
by Robert V. Daniels, Scribners, 1967; the book “The Harvest of Sorrow,” by
Robert Conquest, Oxford University Press, 1986; the book “The Black Book of
Communism,” by Stephane Courtois et al, Harvard University Press, 1999; plus web
searches and public library research.
No comments:
Post a Comment