Published: 2009-12-01
The history of the Holocaust, within the larger context
of the Second World War has the unusual and unique facility of periodically
transforming itself, albeit in a manner which serves perceived Jewish
collective interests. This is important because the Holocaust is unlike any
other conflict, war, event, or cause in history in that it remains deeply
rooted in the public consciousness. In an American context and very broadly
summarized, it has taken the following forms:
Soon after 1945, the received
version was that the Nazis had murdered around eleven million people - six
million Jews, and about five million Poles. Others too were identified as
victims, but those were the two most significant victim categories. It was said
that these eleven million people were dispatched mainly by mass gassings. Such
gassings occurred, as the story went in all the Nazi concentration camps.
Auschwitz - actually a constellation of camps but collectively perceived as one
large one - stood out as the main site of these gassings.
Within a couple of decades,
the story shifted a bit. The salient feature of the gas chamber as the prime
murder weapon remained, but it was now confined to 'eastern' camps as opposed
to those of the 'west'. This is partly related to the Cold War period in which
the Soviets and their minions controlled areas in which those eastern camps -
being under Soviet control and continued occupation - were not open to
inspection and research. Auschwitz - being in Poland - remained the main site
and had by now become the centerpiece of the Holocaust legend in books, films,
plays, and popular consciousness.
As time passed and with the
loosening of travel restrictions and communistic rigidity, the former
concentration camps evolved some tourist trappings. People could travel to them
- both west and east, tour their museums, and be guided through their
facilities, both original and in postwar mockup. They could ask questions and
ponder the significance of their surroundings. A small but determined
sub-category of visitor known as 'revisionist' also inspected some of these
camps, particularly Auschwitz, and even took forensic samples of the original
structures which supposedly served as gassing facilities. The resultantly
published work of Fred Leuchter, Germar Rudolf, and others, demonstrated that
the chemical residues analyzed from these facilities were not consistent with
the official account. Or put another way, the alleged mass gassings almost
certainly did not take place. In consequence, the process of historical
revisionism dictated that the numbers be dramatically reduced. A wide variety
of other objections, not just the chemical residues of Zyklon B, necessitated
the change in number, but at least the change did occur.
The authorities maintaining
the Auschwitz camp indeed ultimately responded by revising the numbers
downward. Suddenly the four million murdered dropped to an official figure of a
little over a million. This is where the overall Holocaust story underwent
another major evolution. In this latest twist, the Six Million figure somehow
was retained - relating to a sort of mystic symbolism that seemingly has to be
retained at all costs - and a shifting of how the figure was arrived at
occurred. Suddenly the 3 million Jews killed within that 6 million figure,
perished 'in the east' with little explanation and no statistical backing.
While the Einsatzgruppen or ‘action groups’ (or ‘squads’) has grown in
its significance the typical estimate of victims of these groups are between
1.3 and 2.2 million. As the story continues to shift and evolve it appears that
the missing “victims” may yet be attributed to the Einsatzgruppen or
even the German army.
Not a lot of detail was given
at first, but the vague form of this newly revised Holocaust story was that
these SS men herded Jews together at various locales and there shot
them. Some were allegedly killed in 'gas vans' or via other means, but the
majority were shot or machine-gunned. This is of great interest to
revisionists. Hitherto revisionist researchers had focused their attention
primarily on gas chambers, Zyklon B, cremation rates, open pit burnings, high
water tables, coke deliveries, death records, and similar, chipping and gouging
away at court sanctioned history. But the Einsatzgruppen idea was
something relatively new. Only limited revisionist research has been done on
this subject.
I would like to pose a number
of questions which could serve as excellent starting points relevant to the
revisionist process and then try to briefly respond to them. Firstly, what were
the actual responsibilities of the Einsatzgruppen? Their main task was
maintaining order and security within the rear areas of the German armies on
the eastern front. This included the gathering of intelligence and especially
the combating and repression of partisans. With this new twist in the Holocaust
story, they were also somehow additionally tasked with the total extermination
of Jews. Not just the Jews of all the areas they were responsible for - Poland,
Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, the Crimea, areas of the
Caucasus, and occupied Russia - but also Jews from Germany and western Europe
which were allegedly shipped off to them for liquidation.
Now let it be clearly known
here that geographically we are talking about an enormous physical area not
dissimilar to the size of the continental United States. How many personnel
were engaged in this multiplicity of tasks? The Einsatzgruppen consisted
of four main groups - A, B, C, and D - each comprising between 300 and 500 men.
These 2,000 (generously estimated) men were allegedly entrusted with the
enormity of these tasks. But how many were actually on duty at any given time,
not engaged in intelligence gathering, anti-partisan activity, etc., and
specifically engaged in killings? Bearing in mind support personnel - radiomen,
supply and transport, administrative, men on leave, men sick, men back home on
training courses, etc. - the 2,000 number shrinks. However, even if all 2,000
were active and available for action at all times, the main responsibility of
the Einsatzgruppen was anti-partisan activity so how on earth did they
get the time to find, marshal together, and kill millions of Jews?
At this point I must add into
the equation the fact that other echelons of personnel assisted or worked with
the Einsatzgruppen. These included Police battalions, 'Schuma' (Schutzmannshaft,
i.e. self-defense) companies of Ukrainians, Latvians et al, even sometimes Wehrmacht
security divisions or elements thereof. However, these forces were mostly used
to cordon off areas and provide security for the alleged killing units, i.e.
when they were not themselves engaged in anti-partisan actions which was their
prime activity too. Still, the task is enormous, indeed very problematic, if
not impossible.
What about transportation? The
actual fighting armies at the front always had priority in receiving vehicles,
fuel, and supply. Vehicles in particular were always hard to come by. What
little was left for the Einsatzgruppen had to suffice for the transportation
of these tiny bands of men to traverse huge distances to carry out their tasks.
To get a handle on these problems, consider a comparative provided some years
ago by revisionists: The LAPD has perhaps 10,000 officers, all plentifully
supplied with modern, fast vehicles, and they have a single task to control
crime and in one very small area, yet even they have great difficulty and much
of the time crime is out of control. How on earth can 2,000 men accomplish this
task and many and more important tasks in an area about the size of the USA and
in which much of their transport is horse-drawn or nonexistent?
How many Jews were actually
available to be killed, i.e. how many fell into the hands of the Einsatzgruppen?
Revisionist researcher Dr. Walter Sanning in his path-breaking The
Dissolution of Eastern European Jewry demonstrated that the six million
figure was impossible, that literally millions of European Jews had escaped the
Nazis through legal emigration and through evacuation eastwards with the Red Army
as it retreated before the invading German forces. We may never know how many
'Eastern' Jews escaped this way but the numbers are generally agreed upon to
figure in the millions. The Germans simply did not have anywhere near the
numbers of Jews in their control that the official Holocaust story presumes.
What was the time frame of the
killings? From June 1941 through summer 1944, about three years, in much of
which whole regions were not in Nazi hands or had been lost. How many Jews
could have been killed and how quickly? Rhodes in his Masters of Death,
a study of the Einsatzgruppen, claims that these squads usually employed
small groups of 4-8 men working in shifts with rifles or pistols and killing
thousands or tens of thousands of Jews at a time. Interestingly, he estimates a
grand total of about 1.5 million Jews killed by the Einsatzgruppen.
Rhodes also suggests that the Einsatzgruppen were so overwhelmed
psychologically from allegedly killing 1.5 million Jews that SS-Reichsführer
Himmler ultimately decided to shift responsibility for the extermination of the
Jews, from squad killings to a more 'industrial' and efficient approach using
gas chambers at Auschwitz and elsewhere. Rhodes is one of those court
historians who, when it comes to the official version of the Holocaust, accepts
all 'eyewitness' accounts, evinces no skepticism whatever, allows all
possibilities, asks no inconvenient questions, and breaks no taboos.
Another author not up to speed
with the numbers was French MacLean, whose The Cruel Hunters - the
'definitive' study of the famous SS Dirlewanger Brigade - an 'Einsatz'
unit allegedly much involved in mass killings of Jews and often working closely
with the Einsatzgruppen, estimates a killing total of about 1.3 million
which he cites as a sort of consensus of historians on how many Jews were
killed in the east. These numbers of course do not explain the missing millions
from Auschwitz. MacLean incidentally makes clear that all these units were so
overwhelmed with their responsibility for combating partisans that they had
little time for anything else.
Oskar Dirlewanger's unit is
worthy of close attention because it was well known to be enormously successful
in its operations on the eastern front. At most times it had between 300 and
500 men, i.e. it was about the size of an Einsatzgruppe. Dirlewanger and
his men won countless medals, decorations, citations, and all manner of bravery
awards. They were victorious in nearly every operation and action, moved
quickly, and were very highly motivated and disciplined. High ranking SS
leaders and Himmler himself respected and feted them. Even Hitler watched their
doings and wanted them given every possible assistance. Yet in spite of it all,
they were credited with killing 'only' some 15,000 people during their years in
action as an Einsatz unit. If the other Einsatz units were as
successful, the numbers become relatively paltry when squared against claimed
figures of 1.3 or 1.5 million, let alone 3 million.
Rhodes suggests that the SS
were often drunk and disorderly and typically engaged in rape, looting, and
indiscriminate murder. The author relied heavily on 'survivor' eyewitness
accounts. MacLean demonstrates that such units actually were much more
disciplined and severely punished men for even minor infractions. He even cites
one instance where an SS solder was denied leave for six months for his
contracting a venereal disease after not using a condom whilst on R & R.
MacLean mostly relies on SS efficiency reports and internal memoranda and documentation,
none of which was intended for publication or general information. His work is
important in that the Dirlewanger Brigade was thought to be fairly
typical of the SS's eastern killing groups. He shows how it was structured and
its limitations and varied, heavy responsibilities.
Of related interest is the
issue of actual Einsatzgruppen after-action reports transmitted from the
field to headquarters in Berlin. Many of these reports claimed whole regions to
be 'cleansed' of Jews, i.e. which had become 'Judenfrei' (Jew-free) thanks to Einsatzgruppen
actions. But a little known postwar trial, that of German Field Marshal Erich
von Manstein, belied the accuracy of said reports. The Soviets were angry at
von Manstein because of his many victories over the Red Army during the war and
wanted him executed. They tried to claim that huge numbers of Jews were
murdered in the rear areas by Einsatzgruppen under his overall command
and that he was thus responsible. However, his British lawyer R. T. Paget
demonstrated that whole areas supposedly cleared of Jews contained many
flourishing Jewish communities that were actually fully functional and
untouched throughout the entire war. Clearly the reports in this one area at
least, were false or at least greatly exaggerated. The court looked closely at
this and accepted the unreliability factor of Einsatzgruppen reports and
von Manstein was acquitted. This issue of false reports being filed could be
explainable via certain speculations, but more research is needed. Manstein
himself did not reference the Einsatzgruppen or even Jews at all in his
published memoirs.
The actual Einsatzgruppen
reports were also radioed to the SSHA (SS main headquarters office) in Berlin.
British intelligence, monitoring such transmissions and having broken the
German codes, received the reports but did not make much use of them during the
war. Why not? Surely such information, if as damning to Germany as one might
assume, would be priceless in the propaganda war. This is another area worth
further study.
Colin Heaton's masterly study
of German anti-partisan operations in Europe makes clear that all rear-echelon
units including SS, were overwhelmingly employed in anti-partisan duties. It is
clear that even though the SS made a clear distinction between Jews as
supporters of the Soviet regime, and ordinary Russians, Ukrainians, and others
who were more often victims of that regime, anti-partisan warfare always had to
take priority as rearward security was a prerequisite for any other type of
operation.
Recent pseudo-historical
documentaries make much of the Einsatzgruppen and pose astonishing
claims about the Einsatzgruppen. An Einsatzgruppen officer named
Paul Blobel, for example, was allegedly tasked to uncover and obliterate all
remains and evidence of killed Jews. This allegedly entailed unearthing mass
graves and immolating their contents, grinding bones into powder and carefully
dispersing same throughout forests, re-covering the killing sites and planting
trees over them, etc. And again, this over a huge geographical area and within
a limited time span and with a small number of vehicles and men.
Frankly, claims such as these
are not just unbelievable, but impossible. I have no doubt that the Einsatzgruppen
did kill large numbers of Jews, at least partly in consequence of their
anti-partisan actions, as many Jews were known to be partisans or supportive to
them, and many others engaged in sabotage and espionage. Also a large number of
Red Army commissars were Jews and Jews collectively were broadly known to be
supporters or functionaries of the Soviet communist system. But Jews could not
have been killed in the millions and probably not in many hundreds of
thousands. One can only kill so many people with very limited resources over a
certain time span in a huge area, and especially when one has vastly more
important things to do. I do not doubt that many crimes occurred on both sides
under the circumstances of a very brutal war that dragged into years and within
the context of warfare being waged without the amelioration of Geneva
Convention rules on land warfare, treatment of prisoners, etc. But clearly the
numbers, even the possibilities, are outrageously improbable.
A sort of Orwellian process is
at play in which 'historians,' unworthy of the title, write their books or give
their talks in a way in which they try to stay in sync with the Holocaust story
as it continues to evolve or in the way World War Two is portrayed. In a
Judeocentric culture, this ensures publication and friendly review of their
books, payment of speaking fees, and upward career progression. But sometimes
they get behind the curve or are unaware of the latest gymnastic-like twists,
turns, and double backward flip-flops that are effected to keep the symbolic
figure of Six Million intact.
These 'historians' keep their
inquiries limited to the pursuit of the standard story and do not take it into
broader moral dimensions. For example, I would like to ask: how is it any
different, ethically, morally, etc. for a small group of men to murder hundreds
or thousands of people with machine-guns or rifles in a day or two of
operations, from a day or two of operations in which a small group of men in
bombers destroy neighborhoods, schools, homes, and businesses, of civilians who
are about as defenseless? Is one group vicious, sadistic, ideology-driven mass
murderers, while the other, a 'band of brothers' fighting for freedom, justice,
and other similarly ideologically-driven intangibles? Or are they about the
same? Distinctions blur and blacks and whites become shades of gray.
Revisionism has a long way to
go, especially in addressing the recent arrival of the so-called “Holocaust by
bullets.” Surely much of interest will be uncovered in this grand intellectual
adventure still awaiting us.
Sources:
·
Walter N. Sanning, The Dissolution of Eastern European Jewry,
Institute for Historical Review, Torrance, 1983.
·
Richard Rhodes, Masters of Death: The Einsatzgruppen and the Invention
of the Holocaust, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2002.
·
French MacLean, The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger,
Hitler's Most Notorious Anti-Partisan Unit, Shiffer Military History,
Atglen, 1998.
·
R.T. Paget, K.C., M.P., Manstein: His Campaigns and His Trial,
Collins, St. James Place, London, 1951.
·
Field Marshal Erich von Manstein, Lost Victories, Henry Regnery
Company, Chicago, 1958.
·
Colin Heaton, German Anti-Partisan Warfare in Europe, 1939-1945,
Schiffer Military History, Atglen, 2001.
© 2009 by Joseph Bishop
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