By John Wear
Published: 2020-04-08
World War II is often referred to as the “Good War,” a
morally clear-cut conflict between good and evil.[1] The “Good War” is also claimed to have led to
a good peace. Germany under control of the Allies soon became a prosperous
democracy which took her place among the family of good nations. Historian
Keith Lowe expresses this idea as follows: “The political rebirth that occurred
in the west is … impressive, especially the rehabilitation of Germany, which
transformed itself from a pariah nation to a responsible member of the European
family in just a few short years.”[2]
This naive belief that Germany
was a pariah among good European nations belies the uncivilized warfare
conducted by the Allies during World War II, as well as the murderous and
criminal treatment of Germans after the war. This article focuses on crimes
committed by Great Britain both during and after the war.
Britain’s Uncivilized Warfare
In addition to ignoring the
numerous and generous German peace initiatives, Winston Churchill and other
leaders of Great Britain began to conduct a war of unprecedented violence. On
July 3, 1940, a British fleet attacked and destroyed much of the French fleet
at Oran in northwestern Algeria to prevent it from falling into German hands.
The French navy went to the bottom of the sea, and with it 1,297 French
sailors. Churchill and the British government did not seem to mind that 1,297
of their French ally’s sailors were killed in the attack. This attack on the
French fleet illustrates Churchill’s determination to defeat Germany “no matter
what the cost.”[3]
A shocking detail of the
British attack on the French fleet is that low-flying British aircraft
repeatedly machine-gunned masses of French sailors as they struggled in the
water. It is an event still remembered with great bitterness in France. This
British war crime was soon followed by the assassination of French Adm.
Francois Darlan by British agents in Algiers.[4]
Great Britain also began the
violation of the cardinal rule of civilized warfare that hostilities must be
limited to the combatant forces. On May 11, 1940, British bombers began to
attack the industrial areas of Germany. The British government adopted a new
definition of military objectives so that this term included any building
housing activities that in any way contributed, directly or indirectly, to the
war effort of the enemy. On December 16, 1940, the RAF conducted a moonlight
raid by 134 British planes on Mannheim designed “to concentrate the maximum
amount of damage in the center of the town.” Great Britain abandoned all
pretense of attacking military, industrial or any other particular kind of
target with this raid.[5]
On March 28, 1942, the British
air offensive against Germany initiated Frederick Lindemann’s bombing plan. The
Lindemann Plan, which continued with undiminished ferocity until the end of the
war, concentrated on bombing German working-class housing. The British bombings
during this period were simple terror bombing designed to shatter the morale of
the German civilian population and thereby generate a movement to surrender.
The bombings focused on working-class housing built close together because a
higher amount of bloodshed was expected compared to bombing higher-class houses
surrounded by large yards and gardens.[6]
The climax of the British
bombing offensive under the Lindemann Plan was reached on the night of February
13, 1945, when a massive bombing raid was directed against Dresden. The
population of Dresden was swollen by a horde of terrified German women and children
running from the advancing Soviet army. No one will ever know exactly how many
people died in the bombings of Dresden, but estimates of 250,000 civilian
deaths appear to be reasonable. The bombings of Dresden served little military
purpose; they were designed primarily to terrify German civilians and break
their will to continue the war.[7]
A horrifying aspect of the
Dresden bombings occurred during the daylight hours of February 14, 1945. On
this day low-flying American fighters machine-gunned helpless Germans as they
rushed toward the Elbe River in a desperate attempt to escape the inferno.
Since Dresden had no air defense, the German civilians were easy targets.[8]
Winston Churchill, the man
directly responsible for the Dresden bombings, began to publicly distance
himself from the terror bombings. Churchill said to Sir Charles Portal, the
chief of the British Air Staff, on March 28, 1945:
It seems to me that the moment has come when the
question of bombing of German cities simply
for the sake of increasing the terror, though under other pretexts should be
reviewed. The destruction of Dresden remains a serious query against the
conduct of Allied bombing….I feel the need for more precise concentration upon
military objectives, such as oil and communications behind the immediate
battle-zone, rather than on mere acts of terror and wanton destruction, however
impressive.[9]
In spite of Churchill’s
protestations, the British terror bombings continued unabated until the end of
the war. On May 3, 1945, the British Royal Air Force attacked the German Cap
Arcona and Thielbek passenger ships. Both of these ships were flying
many large white flags with huge Red Cross emblems painted on the sides of the
ships. The British attacks, which were a violation of international law,
resulted in the deaths of approximately 7,000 prisoners being shipped from the
Neuengamme Concentration Camp to Stockholm. When large numbers of corpses
dressed in concentration-camp garb washed ashore the German coastline a few
days later, the British claimed the Germans had intentionally drowned the
prisoners in the Baltic Sea. It took years for the truth of these illegal
British attacks to be made public.[10]
The London Cage
The British routinely secretly
recorded conversations among their German prisoners-of-war (POWs) during World
War II. For example, at Trent Park, a luxurious manor a few dozen miles north
of London, the British secretly eavesdropped on the conversations of 63 German
generals imprisoned at the facility. Although recording conversations among
prisoners without their consent violated the Geneva Conventions, the British
brushed aside such concerns because they obtained vital military intelligence
from these conversations.[11]
Even-more-serious violations
of the Geneva Conventions were committed at the London Cage, which was a
clandestine interrogation center where German POWs were subjected to “special
intelligence treatment” designed to break their will to resist. Located in
Kensington Palace Gardens, an exclusive gated street known as “Millionaires’
Row,” the London Cage was where German POWs who could not be broken under
normal interrogation methods were brought. The London Cage should have appeared
on the wartime lists of the Red Cross as a transit camp, but did not-- because
officially it did not exist.[12]
Over 3,000 German POWs were
ultimately interned in the London Cage at one time or another. Britain’s Col.
Alexander Scotland was in charge of the London Cage, and few deny that he went
too far in breaking the German POWs’ will to resist through rough interrogation
treatment.[13]
Helen Fry writes of German POW
Alfred Conrad Wernard’s treatment in the London Cage:
A wireless operator of U-boat U-187, Wernard spent
three weeks in Kensington Palace Gardens and spoke about threats of execution,
sleep deprivation and daily interrogations at different times in the dead of
the night, always after having been dragged out of bed from a deep sleep. He
was taken blindfolded to a room for interrogation. Interrogators were particularly
interested in information Wernard had concerning a forerunner of the German
radar system. “British Intelligence was interested in it,” Wernard said. “They
even knew that I went on a course about the new equipment and the instructor’s
name…The interrogator knew more about our U-boat than we did.” When Wernard
refused to give information, the interrogator began to slowly rotate a revolver
on the desk between them. “When it points at you,” he said abruptly, “I pull
the trigger.” “I had no way of telling if he would,” Wernard admitted. Out in
the yard, he was shown a deep trench and was threatened with being shot. “It
was all designed to make us talk…It looked like a prison and there were bars on
the windows.” Back in his room, which Wernard shared with a U-boat companion,
the prisoners discovered a bugging device in the light fitting. “We were
careful what we said,” he commented.[14]
Many German POWs were placed
in solitary confinement to break their will to resist. A basement mirroring a
Soviet-style dungeon was reserved for POWs who failed to cooperate, and with
its dark and isolated position, a POW knew that any screams for help would go
unheard. The basement became a place of physical torture. MI19 files which
mention this basement make three independent references to “secret control
gear”—i.e., electric shock equipment and other torture apparatus.[15]
A German POW at the London Cage
could also be threatened with Cell 14, which emanated an overpowering stench of
dead rats, wet rags and rotting flesh. Cell 14 was another part of the
psychological war waged by the interrogators to break German POWs. When a Red
Cross official first visited the London Cage in March 1946, he was not allowed
to inspect the premises. Col. Alexander Scotland explained to the British War
Office why inspection of the basement and Cell 14 was not allowed: “The secret
gear which we use to check the reliability of information obtained must be
removed from the Cage before permission is given to inspect this building. This
work will take a month to complete.”[16]
Britain’s Postwar Crimes
The Jewish Brigade, which was
part of the British Eighth Army, also murdered many disarmed and defenseless
German officers. The Jewish Brigade was established not to fight in the war,
but to follow behind the British army and kill senior German officers who were
typically not guilty of anything except having served in defense of their
country. Morris Beckman states in his book The Jewish Brigade: “These
were the first post-war executions of selected top Nazis. There were several
dozen revenge squads operating; the highest estimate of executions was 1,500.
The exact figure will never be known.”[17]
Maj. Bernard Caspar, the
senior chaplain of the Jewish Brigade, recalled the intense Jewishness of the
Brigade’s soldiers. A Jewish flag flew over the Brigade’s headquarters, and all
signs were written only in Hebrew. Parade commands were given in Hebrew, and
Hebrew was typically spoken in the mess.[18]
The Jewish Brigade’s hatred of
German officers and their desire for vengeance was a constant factor. Zeer
Keren, a Brigade avenger who later became a Mossad member, said:
We were quite happy to do to the Nazis what they did
to the Jews. Our goal was to execute them. I strangled them myself once we got
in the forest. It took three to four minutes. We weighted the bodies with heavy
chains, and threw them into lakes, rivers, streams. They were remote places. We
left no trace of our activities.[19]
The British troops who
captured the Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp on April 15, 1945 also lost
no time in mistreating the SS camp personnel. Most of the German guards were
beaten with rifle butts, kicked, stabbed with bayonets, shot or worked to
death.[20] The British
liberators in an act of spite expelled the residents of the nearby town of
Bergen, and then permitted the camp inmates to loot the houses and buildings.
Much of the town of Bergen was set on fire even though none of the residents in
Bergen was responsible for any crimes committed at the Bergen-Belsen Camp.[21]
British journalist Alan
Moorehead described the treatment of some of the camp personnel at
Bergen-Belsen shortly after the British takeover of the camp:
As we approached the cells of the SS guards, the
[British] sergeant’s language became ferocious…The sergeant unbolted the first
door and…strode into the cell, jabbing a metal spike in front of him. “Get up,”
he shouted. “Get up. Get up, you dirty bastards.” There were half a dozen men
lying or half lying on the floor. One or two were able to pull themselves erect
at once. The man nearest me, his shirt and face splattered with blood, made two
attempts before he got on to his knees and then gradually on to his feet. He
stood with his arms stretched out in front of him, trembling violently.
“Come on. Get up,” the sergeant shouted [in the
next cell]. The man was lying in his blood on the floor, a massive figure with
a heavy head and bedraggled beard… ”Why don’t you kill me?” he whispered. “Why
don’t you kill me? I can’t stand it anymore.” The same phrases dribbled out of
his lips over and over again. “He’s been saying that all morning, the dirty
bastard,” the sergeant said.[22]
German women, many
with children to feed, were also often forced to become slaves to Allied
soldiers in order to survive. Journalist L.F. Filewood wrote in the October 5,
1945 issue of the Weekly Review in London: “Young girls, unattached,
wander about and freely offer themselves, for food or bed…Very simply they have
one thing left to sell, and they sell it…As a way of dying it may be worse than
starvation, but it will put off dying for months—or even years.”[23]
A British soldier
acknowledged: “I felt a bit sick at times about the power I had over the girl.
If I gave her a three-penny bar of chocolate she nearly went crazy. She was
just like my slave. She darned my socks and mended things for me. There was no
question of marriage. She knew that was not possible.”[24]
Ethnic Cleansing of Germans
One of the great tragedies of
the 20th Century was the forced expulsion of ethnic Germans from their homes
after the end of World War II. The Allies carried out the largest forced
population transfer—and perhaps the greatest single movement of people—in human
history. A minimum of 12 million and possibly as many as 18.1 million Germans
were driven from their homes because of their ethnic background. Probably 2.1
million or more of these German expellees, mostly women and children, died in
what was supposed to be an “orderly and humane” expulsion.[25]
Winston Churchill was
especially callous on the subject of the German expulsions. On October 9, 1944,
Churchill remarked to Stalin that 7 million Germans would be killed in the war,
thus leaving plenty of room for Germans driven out of Silesia and East Prussia
to move into rump Germany. On February 23, 1945, Churchill dismissed the difficulties
involved in transferring the German population to the west. Churchill insisted
that the transfers would be easy since most of the Germans in the territories
now occupied by the Russians had already left.[26]
The Potsdam Conference was
held from July 17 to August 2, 1945 to decide how to administer Germany after
her unconditional surrender to the Allies. The goals of the conference included
the establishment of postwar order, peace-treaty issues and mediating the
effects of the war.[27]
At the conclusion of the Potsdam Conference, Great Britain, the United States
and the Soviet Union all agreed to the transfer of the Eastern Germans into
rump Germany. The parties agreed that the transfers should be made in an
“orderly and humane” manner.[28]
The expulsions of the Eastern
Germans into rump Germany were not “orderly and humane.” Many hundreds of
thousands of the German expellees, most of whom were women and children, lost
their lives in these expulsions. Millions more of the expellees were impoverished,
without the assets stolen from them in the expelling countries necessarily
enriching those who took possession of them. The economies of entire regions
were disrupted, and the surviving expellees suffered tremendous hardships both
during and after the expulsions. Tens of thousands of expelled German women
were repeatedly raped and bore the physical and psychological scars for their
entire life. The legacy of bitterness, recrimination and mutual distrust
between Germany and her neighbors from the expulsions lingers to this day.[29]
Starvation of the Germans
Great Britain also
participated in the systematic mass starvation of German civilians after the
war. Capt. Albert R. Behnke, a U.S. Navy medical doctor, stated in regard to
Germany: “From 1945 to the middle of 1948 one saw the probable collapse,
disintegration and destruction of a whole nation…Germany was subject to
physical and psychic trauma unparalleled in history.” Behnke concluded that the
Germans under the Allies had fared much worse than the Dutch under the Germans,
and for far longer.[30]
British intellectuals such as
Victor Gollancz worked to publicize the suffering and mass starvation of the
German people. Gollancz objected to the contrast he saw between the
accommodations and food in the British officers’ mess and the miserable,
half-starved hovels outside. In March 1946, the average calories per day in the
British Zone had fluctuated between 1,050 and 1,591. British authorities in
Germany were proposing to cut the rations back to 1,000 calories per day.
Gollancz pointed out that the inmates at Bergen-Belsen toward the end of the
war had only 800 calories per day, which was hardly less than the British
proposal.[31]
Gollancz made a six-week tour
of the British Zone in October and November 1946. In January 1947, Gollancz
published the book In Darkest Germany to document what he saw on this
trip. Assisted by a photographer, Gollancz included numerous pictures to allay
skepticism of the veracity of his reports. The pictures show Gollancz standing
behind naked boys suffering from malnutrition; or holding a fully worn and
unusable child’s shoe; or comforting a crippled, half-starved adult in his
hovel. The point was to show that Gollancz had seen these things with his own
eyes and had not merely accepted other people’s reports. Gollancz wrote to a
newspaper editor: “Youth [in Germany] is being poisoned and re-nazified: we
have all but lost the peace.”[32]
Victor Gollancz concluded:
“The plain fact is when spring is in the English air we are starving the German
people…Others, including ourselves, are to keep or be given comforts while the
Germans lack the bare necessities of existence. If it is a choice between
discomfort for another and suffering for the German, the German must suffer; if
between suffering for another and death for the German, the German must die.”[33]
Millions of resident German
civilians starved to death after the end of World War II. James Bacque
estimates 5.7-million Germans already residing in Germany died from the starvation
policies implemented by the Allies after the war. Bacque details how this
5.7-million death total is calculated:
The population of all occupied Germany in October 1946
was 65,000,000, according to the census prepared under the ACC. The returning
prisoners who were added to the population in the period October 1946-September
1950 numbered 2,600,000 (rounded), according to records in the archives of the
four principal Allies. Births according to the official German statistical
agency, Statistisches Bundesamt, added another 4,176,430 newcomers to Germany.
The expellees arriving totaled 6,000,000. Thus the total population in 1950
before losses would have been 77,776,430, according to the Allies themselves.
Deaths officially recorded in the period 1946-50 were 3,235,539, according to
the UN Yearbook and the German government. Emigration was about 600,000,
according to the German government. Thus the population found should have been
73,940,891. But the census of 1950 done by the German government under Allied
supervision found only 68,230,796. There was a shortage of 5,710,095 people,
according to the official Allied figures (rounded to 5,700,000).[34]
Bacque’s calculations have
been confirmed by Dr. Anthony B. Miller, who is a world-famous epidemiologist
and head of the Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics at the
University of Toronto. Miller read the whole work, including the documents, and
checked the statistics, which he says “confirm the validity of [Bacque’s]
calculations...” Miller states: “These deaths appear to have resulted, directly
or indirectly, from the semi-starvation food rations that were all that were
available to the majority of the German population during this time period.”[35]
Conclusion
Great Britain and its allies
engaged in uncivilized warfare and the mass murder, rape and ethnic cleansing
of German civilians after the end of World War II. The British and Allied
postwar treatment of Germany is surely one of the most brutal, criminal and
unreported tragedies in world
history.
Endnotes
[1] Terkel, Studs, The Good War, New York:
Pantheon, 1984, p. vi.
[2] Lowe, Keith, Savage Continent: Europe in the
Aftermath of World War II, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2012, p. xiv.
[3] Fischer, Klaus P., Hitler and America,
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, pp. 122-123.
[4] Bird, Vivian, “An Examination of British War Crimes
during World War II,” The Barnes Review, Vol. VI, No. 6, Nov. /Dec.
2000, p. 56.
[5] Veale, Frederick J. P., Advance to Barbarism,
Newport Beach, Cal.: Institute for Historical Review, 1993, pp. 182-183.
[6] Ibid., pp. 184-185.
[7] Ibid., pp. 185-186, 192-193.
[8] Bird, Vivian, “An Examination of British War Crimes
during World War II,” The Barnes Review, Vol. VI, No. 6, Nov. /Dec.
2000, p. 59. See also McKee, Alexander, Dresden 1945: The Devil’s Tinderbox,
New York: E.P. Dutton, Inc., 1984, pp. 219-224.
[9] Veale, Frederick J. P., Advance to Barbarism,
Newport Beach, Cal.: Institute for Historical Review, 1993, p. 194.
[10] Weber, Mark, “The 1945 Sinking of the Cap Arcona
and the Thielbek,” The Journal of Historical Review, Vol. 19, No.
4, July/Aug. 2000, pp. 2-3; see also Schmidt, Hans, Hitler Boys in America:
Re-Education Exposed, Pensacola, Fla.: Hans Schmidt Publications, 2003, pp.
231-232.
[11] Kean, Sam, The Bastard Brigade: The True Story of
the Renegade Scientists and Spies Who Sabotaged the Nazi Atomic Bomb,
New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2019, pp. 214-217.
[12] Fry, Helen, The London Cage: The Secret History of
Britain’s World War II Interrogation Centre, New Haven and London: Yale
University Press, 2017, p. 1.
[13] Ibid., pp. 49, 221.
[14] Ibid., p. 203.
[15] Ibid., p. 81.
[16] Ibid., pp. 82, 198.
[17] Beckman, Morris, The Jewish Brigade: An Army with
Two Masters, 1944-45, Rockville Centre, N.Y.: Sarpedon, 1998, p. xiii.
[18] Ibid., p. 58.
[19] Ibid., pp. 127, 132.
[20] Belgion, Montgomery, Victors’ Justice,
Hinsdale, Ill.: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1949, pp. 80-81.
[21] “Bergen-Belsen,” Der Spiegel, Hamburg, Nov.
30, 1985, p. 71f.
[22] Moorehead, Alan, “Belsen,” in Cyril Connolly
(editor), The Golden Horizon, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1953,
p. 105f.
[23] Keeling, Ralph Franklin, Gruesome Harvest: The
Allies’ Postwar War against the German People, Torrance, Cal.: Institute
for Historical Review, 1992, p. 64.
[24] Botting, Douglas, From the Ruins of the Reich—Germany,
1945-1949, New York: Crown Publishers, 1985, p. 294.
[25] Dietrich, John, The Morgenthau Plan: Soviet
Influence on American Postwar Policy, New York: Algora Publishing, 2002, p.
137.
[26] Naimark, Norman M., Fires of Hatred: Ethnic
Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard
University Press, 2001, pp. 109-110.
[27] Ibid., p. 110.
[28] De Zayas, Alfred-Maurice, A Terrible Revenge: The
Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 2nd edition, New
York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, p. 87.
[29] Douglas, R. M., Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion
of the Germans after the Second World War, New Haven & London: Yale
University Press, 2012, pp. 302, 364.
[30] Behnke, Capt. Albert R., USN, MC, “Physiological and Psychological
Factors in Individual and Group Survival,” June 1958 (Behnke Papers, Box 1,
HIA). Quoted in Bacque, James, Crimes and Mercies: The Fate of German
Civilians under Allied Occupation, 1944-1950, 2nd
edition, Vancouver, British Columbia: Talonbooks, 2007, p. 89.
[31] MacDonogh, Giles, After the Reich: The Brutal
History of the Allied Occupation, New York: Basic Books, 2007, pp. 253,
363.
[32] Ibid., pp. 364-365.
[33] Keeling, Ralph Franklin, Gruesome Harvest: The
Allies’ Postwar War against the German People, Torrance, Cal.: Institute
for Historical Review, 1992, pp. 76-77.
[34] Bacque, James, Crimes and Mercies: The Fate of
German Civilians under Allied Occupation, 1944-1950, 2nd
edition, Vancouver, British Columbia: Talonbooks, 2007, pp. 115-116.
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