By Léon Degrelle
Hitler, you knew him, what was
he like?
I have been asked that question a thousand times since
1945, and nothing is more difficult to answer.
Approximately two hundred
thousand books have dealt with the Second World War and with its central
figure, Adolf Hitler.
But has the real Hitler been
discovered by any of them? "The enigma of Hitler is beyond all human
comprehension" the left-wing German weekly 'Die Zeit' once put it.
Salvador Dali, art's unique
genius, sought to penetrate the mystery in one of his most intensely dramatic
paintings. Towering mountain landscapes all but fill the canvas, leaving ony a
few luminous meters of seashore dotted with delicately miniaturized human
figures: the last witness to a dying peace. A huge telephone receiver dripping
tears of blood hangs from the branch of a dead tree; and here and there hang
umbrellas and bats whose portent is visibly the same. As Dali tells it,
"Chamberlain's umbrella appeared in this painting in a sinister light,
made evident by the bat, and it struck me when I painted it as a thing of enormous
anguish."
He then confided: "I felt
this painting to be deeply prophetic. But I confess that I haven't yet figured
out the Hitler enigma either. He attracted me only as an object of my mad
imaginings and because I saw him as a man uniquely capable of turning things
completely upside down."
What a lesson in humility for
the braying critics who have rushed into print since 1945 with their thousands
of 'definitive' books, most of them scornful, about this man who so troubled
the introspective Dali that forty years later he still felt anguished and
uncertain in the presence of his own hallucinatory painting. Apart from Dali,
who else has ever tried to present an objective portrayal of this extraordinary
man who Dali labeled the most explosive figure in human history?
LIKE PAVLOV'S BELL
The mountains of Hitler books
based on blink hatred and ignorance do little to describe or explain the most
powerful man the world has ever seen. How, I ponder, do these thousands of
disparate portraits of Hitler in any way resemble the man I knew?
The Hitler seated beside me,
standing up, talking, listening. It has become impossible to explain to people
fed fantastic tales for decades that what they have read or heard on television
just does not correspond to the truth.
People have come to accept
fiction, repeated a thousand times over, as reality. Yet they have never seen
Hitler, never spoken to him, never heard a word from his mouth. The very name
of Hitler immediately conjures up a grimacing devil, the fount of all of one's
negative emotions. Like Pavlov's bell, the mention of Hitler is meant to
dispense with substance and reality. In time, however, history will demand more
than these summary judgements.
STRANGELY ATTRACTIVE.
Hitler is always present
before my eyes: as a man of peace in 1936, as a man of war in 1944. It is not
possible to have been a personal witness to the life of such an extraordinary
man without being marked by it forever. Not a day goes by but Hitler rises
again in my memory, not as a man long dead, but as a real being who paces his
office floor, seats himself in his chair, pokes the burning logs in the
fireplace.
The first thing anyone noticed
when he came into view was his small mustache. Countless times he had been
advised to shave it off, but he always refused: people were used to him the way
he was.
He was not tall -- no more
than was Napoleon or Alexander the Great.
Hitler had deep blue eyes that
many found bewitching, although I did not find them so. Nor did I detect the
electric current his hands were said to give off. I gripped them quite a few
times and was never struck by his lightening.
His face showed emotion or
indifference according to the passion or apathy of the moment. At times he was
as though benumbed, saying not a word, while his jaws moved in the meanwhile as
if they were grinding an obstacle to smithereens in the void. Then he would
come suddenly alive and launch into a speech directed at you alone, as though
he were addressing a crowd of hundreds of thousands at Berlin's Tempelhof
airfield. Then he became as if transfigured. Even his complexion, otherwise
dull, lit up as he spoke. And at such times, to be sure, Hitler was strangely
attractive and as if possessed of magic powers.
EXCEPTIONAL VIGOR.
Anything that might have
seemed too solemn in his remarks, he quickly tempered with a touch of humour.
The picturesque world, the biting phrase were at his command. In a flash he
would paint a word-picture that brought a smile, or come up with an unexpected
and disarming comparison. He could be harsh and even implacable in his
judgements and yet almost at the same time be surprisingly conciliatory,
sensitive and warm.
After 1945 Hitler was accused
of every cruelty, but it was not in his nature to be cruel. He loved children.
It was an entirely natural thing for him to stop his car and share his food
with young cyclists along the road. Once he gave his raincoat to a derelict
plodding in the rain. At midnight he would interrupt his work and prepare the
food for his dog Blondi.
He could not bear to eat meat,
because it meant the death of a living creature. He refused to have so much as
a rabbit or a trout sacrificed to provide his food. He would allow only eggs on
his table, because egg-laying meant that the hen had been spared rather than
killed.
Hitler's eating habits were a
constant source of amazement to me. How could someone on such a rigorous
schedule, who had taken part in tens of thousands of exhausting mass meetings
from which he emerged bathed with sweat, often losing two to four pounds in the
process; who slept only three to four hours a night; and who, from 1940 to
1945, carried the whole world on his shoulders while ruling over 380 million
Europeans: how, I wondered, could he physically survive on just a boiled egg, a
few tomatoes, two or three pancakes, and a plate of noodles? But he actually
gained weight!
He drank only water. He did
not smoke and would not tolerate smoking in his presence. At one or two o'clock
in the morning he would still be talking, untroubled, close to his fireplace,
lively, often amusing. He never showed any sign of weariness. Dead tired his
audience might be, but not Hitler.
He was depicted as a tired old
man. Nothing was further from the truth. In September 1944, when he was
reported to be fairly doddering, I spent a week with him. His mental and
physical vigor were still exceptional. The attempt made on his life on July
20th had, if anything, recharged him. He took tea in his quarters as tranquilly
as if we had been in his small private apartment at the chancellery before the
war, or enjoying the view of snow and bright blue sky through his great bay
window at Berchtesgaden.
IRON SELF-CONTROL
At the very end of his life,
to be sure, his back had become bent, but his mind remained as clear as a flash
of lightening. The testament he dictated with extraordinary composure on the
eve of his death, at three in the morning of April 29, 1945, provides us a
lasting testimony. Napoleon at Fontainebleau was not without his moments of
panic before his abdication. Hitler simply shook hands with his associates in
silence, breakfasted as on any other day, then went to his death as if he were
going on a stroll. When has history ever witnessed so enormous a tragedy
brought to its end with such iron self control?
Hitler's most notable
characteristic was ever his simplicity. The most complex of problems resolved
itself in his mind into a few basic principles. His actions were geared to
ideas and decisions that could be understood by anyone. The laborer from Essen,
the isolated farmer, the Ruhr industrialist, and the university professor could
all easily follow his line of thought. The very clarity of his reasoning made
everything obvious.
His behaviour and his life
style never changed even when he became the ruler of Germany. He dressed and
lived frugally. During his early days in Munich, he spent no more than a mark
per day for food. At no stage in his life did he spend anything on himself.
Throughout his 13 years in the chancellery he never carried a wallet or ever
had money of his own.
COMPUTER-LIKE MIND.
Hitler was self-taught and
made not attempt to hide the fact. The smug conceit of intellectuals, their shiny
ideas packaged like so many flashlight batteries, irritated him at times. His
own knowledge he had acquired through selective and unremitting study, and he
knew far more than thousands of diploma-decorated academics.
I don't think anyone ever read as much as he did. He normally read one book every day, always first reading the conclusion and the index in order to gauge the work's interest for him. He had the power to extract the essence of each book and then store it in his computer-like mind. I have heard him talk about complicated scientific books with faultless precision, even at the height of the war.
I don't think anyone ever read as much as he did. He normally read one book every day, always first reading the conclusion and the index in order to gauge the work's interest for him. He had the power to extract the essence of each book and then store it in his computer-like mind. I have heard him talk about complicated scientific books with faultless precision, even at the height of the war.
His intellectual curiosity was
limitless. He was readily familiar with the writings of the most diverse
authors, and nothing was too complex for his comprehension. He had a deep
knowledge and understanding of Buddha, Confucius and Jesus Christ, as well as
Luther, Calvin, and Savonarola; of literary giants such as Dante, Schiller,
Shakespeare and Goethe; and analytical writers such as Renan and Gobineau,
Chamberlain and Sorel.
He had trained himself in
philosophy by studying Aristotle and Plato. He could quote entire paragraphs of
Schopenhauer from memory, and for a long time carried a pocked edition of
Schopenhauer with him. Nietzsche taught him much about the willpower.
His thirst for knowledge was
unquenchable. He spend hundreds of hours studying the works of Tacitus and
Mommsen, military strategists such as Clausewitz, and empire builders such as
Bismark. Nothing escaped him: world history or the history of civilizations,
the study of the Bible and the Talmud, Thomistic philosophy and all the
masterpieces of Homer, Sophocles, Horace, Ovid, Titus Livius and Cicero. He
knew Julian the Apostate as if he had been his contemporary.
His knowledge also extended to
mechanics. He knew how engines worked; he understood the ballistics of various
weapons; and he astonished the best medical scientists with his knowledge of
medicine and biology.
The universality of Hitler's
knowledge may surprise or displease those unaware of it, but it is nonetheless
a historical fact: Hitler was one of the most cultivated men of this century.
Many times more so than Churchill, an intellectual mediocrity; or than Pierre
Lavaal, with him mere cursory knowledge of history; of than Roosevelt; or
Eisenhower, who never got beyond detective novels.
THE YOUNG ARCHITECT.
Even during his earliest
years, Hitler was different than other children. He had an inner strength and
was guided by his spirit and his instincts.
He could draw skillfully when
he was only eleven years old. His sketches made at that age show a remarkable
firmness and liveliness. He first paintings and watercolors, created at age 15,
are full of poetry and sensitivity. One of his most striking early works,
'Fortress Utopia,' also shows him to have been an artist of rare imagination.
His artistic orientation took many forms. He wrote poetry from the time he was
a lad. He dictated a complete play to his sister Paula who was amazed at his
presumption. At the age of 16, in Vienna, he launched into the creation of an
opera. He even designed the stage settings, as well as all the costumes; and,
of course, the characters were Wagnerian heroes.
More than just an artist,
Hitler was above all an architect. Hundreds of his works were notable as much
for the architecture as for the painting. From memory alone he could reproduce
in every detail the onion dome of a church or the intricate curves of wrought
iron. Indeed, it was to fulfill his dream of becoming an architect that Hitler
went to Vienna at the beginning of the century.
When one sees the hundreds of
paintings, sketches and drawings he created at the time, which reveal his
mastery of three dimensional figures, it is astounding that his examiners at
the Fine Arts Academy failed him in two successive examinations. German
historian Werner Maser, no friend of Hitler, castigated these examiners:
"All of his works revealed extraordinary architectural gifts and
knowledge. The builder of the Third Reich gives the former Fine Arts Academy of
Vienna cause for shame."
In his room, Hitler always
displayed an old photograph of his mother. The memory of the mother he loved
was with him until the day he died. Before leaving this earth, on April 30,
1945, he placed his mother's photograph in front of him. She had blue eyes like
his and a similar face. Her maternal intuition told her that her son was
different from other children. She acted almost as if she knew her son's
destiny. When she died, she felt anguished by the immense mystery surrounding
her son.
HUMBLE ORIGINS.
Throughout the years of his
youth, Hitler lived the life of a virtual recluse. He greatest wish was to
withdraw from the world. At heart a loner, he wandered about, ate meager meals,
but devoured the books of three public libraries. He abstained from
conversations and had few friends.
It is almost impossible to
imagine another such destiny where a man started with so little and reached
such heights. Alexander the great was the son of a king. Napoleon, from a
well-to-do family, was a general at 24. Fifteen years after Vienna, Hitler
would still be an unknown corporal. Thousands of others had a thousand times
more opportunity to leave their mark on the world.
Hitler was not much concerned
with his private life. In Vienna he had lived in shabby, cramped lodgings. But
for all that he rented a piano that took up half his room, and concentrated on
composing his opera. He lived on bread, milk, and vegetable soup. His poverty
was real. He did not even own an over-coat. He shoveled streets on snowy days.
He carried luggage at the railway station. He spent many weeks in shelters for
the homeless. But he never stopped painting or reading.
Despite his dire poverty,
Hitler somehow managed to maintain a clean appearance. Landlords and landladies
in Vienna and Munich all remembered him for his civility and pleasant
disposition. His behavior was impeccable. His room was always spotless, his
meager belongings meticulously arranged, and his clothes neatly hung or folded.
He washed and ironed his own clothes, something which in those days few men
did. He needed almost nothing to survive, and money from the sale of a few
paintings was sufficient to provide for all his needs.
SEARCH FOR DESTINY.
Impressed by the beauty of the
church in a Benedictine monastery where he was part of the choir and served as
an altar boy, Hitler dreamt fleetingly of becoming a Benedictine monk. And it
was at that time, too, interestingly enough, that whenever he attended mass, he
always had to pass beneath the first swastika he had ever seen: it was graven
in the stone escutcheon of the abbey portal.
Hitler's father, a customs
officer, hoped the boy would follow in his footsteps and become a civil
servant. His tutor encouraged him to become a monk. Instead the young Hitler
went, or rather fled, to Vienna. And there, thwarted in his artistic
aspirations by the bureaucratic mediocrities of academia, he turned to
isolation and meditation. Lost in the great capital of Austria-Hungary, he
searched for his destiny.
During the first 30 years of
Hitler's life, the date April 20, 1889, meant nothing to anyone. He was born on
that day in Braunau, a small town in the Inn valley. During his exile in
Vienna, he often thought of his modest home, and particularly of his mother.
When she fell ill, he returned home from Vienna to look after her. For weeks he
nursed her, did all the household chores, and supported her as the most loving
of sons. When she finally died, on Christmas eve, his pain was immense. Wracked
with grief, he buried his mother in the little country cemetery. "I have
never seen anyone so prostrate with grief," said his mother's doctor, who
happened to be Jewish.
A STRONG SOUL.
Hitler had not yet focused on
politics, but without his rightly knowing, that was the career to which he was
most strongly called.
Politics would ultimately
blend with his passion for art. People, the masses, would be the clay the
sculptor shapes into an immortal form. The human clay would become for him a
beautiful work of art like one of Myron's marble sculptures, a Hans Makart
painting, or Wagner's Ring Trilogy.
His love of music, art and
architecture had not removed him from the political life and social concerns of
Vienna. In order to survive, he worked as a common laborer sided by side with
other workers.
He was a silent spectator, but
nothing escaped him: not the vanity and egoism of the bourgeoisie, not the
moral and material misery of the people, nor yet the hundreds of thousands of
workers who surged down the wide avenues of Vienna with anger in their hearts.
He had also been taken aback
by the growing presence in Vienna of bearded Jews wearing caftans, a sight
unknown in Linz. "How can they be Germans?" he asked himself. He read
the statistics: in 1860 there were 69 Jewish families in Vienna; 40 years later
there were 200,000. They were everywhere. He observed their invasion of the
universities and the legal and medical professions, and their takeover of the
newspapers.
Hitler was exposed to the passionate
reactions of the workers to this influx, but the workers were not alone in
their unhappiness. There were many prominent persons in Austria and Hungary who
did not hide their resentment at what they believed was an alien invasion of
their country. The mayor of Vienna, a Christian-Democrat and a powerful orator,
was eagerly listened to by Hitler.
Hitler was also concerned with
the fate of the eight million Austrian Germans kept apart from Germany, and
thus deprived of their rightful German nationhood. He saw Emperor Franz Josef
as a bitter and petty old man unable to cope with the problems of the day and
the aspirations of the future.
Quietly, the young Hitler was
summing things up in his mind.
First: Austrians were part of
Germany, the common fatherland.
Second: The Jews were aliens
within the German community.
Third: Patriotism was only
valid if it was shared by all classes. The common people with whom Hitler had
shared grief and humiliation were just as much a part of the fatherland as the
millionaires of high society.
Fourth: Class war would sooner
or later condemn both workers and bosses to ruin in any country. No country
could survive class war; only cooperation between workers and bosses can
benefit the country. Workers must be respected and live with decency and honor.
Creativity must never be stifled.
When Hitler later said that he
had formed his social and political doctrine in Vienna, he told the truth. Ten
years later his observations made in Vienna would become the order of the day.
Thus Hitler was to live for
several years in the crowded city of Vienna as a virtual outcast, yet quietly
observing everything around him. His strength came from within. He did not rely
on anyone to do his thinking for him. Exceptional human beings always feel
lonely amid the vast human throng. Hitler saw his solitude as a wonderful
opportunity to meditate and not to be submerged in a mindless sea. In order not
to be lost in the wastes of a sterile desert, a strong soul seeks refuge within
himself. Hitler was such a soul.
THE WORD.
The lightning in Hitler's life
would come from the word.
All his artistic talent would
be channeled into his mastery of communication and eloquence. Hitler would
never conceive of popular conquests without the power of the word. He would
enchant and be enchanted by it. He would find total fulfillment when the magic
of his words inspired the hearts and minds of the masses with whom he communed.
He would feel reborn each time
he conveyed with mystical beauty the knowledge he had acquired in his lifetime.
Hitler's incantory eloquence
will remain, for a very long time, a vast field of study for the psychoanalyst.
The power of Hitler's word is the key. Without it, there would never have been
a Hitler era.
TRANSCENDENT FAITH.
Did Hitler believe in God? He
believed deeply in God. He called God the Almighty, master of all that is known
and unknown.
Propagandists portrayed Hitler
as an atheist. He was not. He had contempt for hypocritical and materialistic
clerics, but he was not alone in that. He believed in the necessity of
standards and theological dogmas, without which, he repeatedly said, the great
institution of the Christian church would collapse. These dogmas clashed with
his intelligence, but he also recognized that it was hard for the human mind to
encompass all the problems of creation, its limitless scope and breathtaking
beauty. He acknowledged that every human being has spiritual needs.
The song of the nightingale,
the pattern and color of a flower, continually brought him back to the great
problems of creation. No one in the world has spoken to me so eloquently about
the existence of God. He held this view not because he was brought up as a
Christian, but because his analytical mind bound him to the concept of God.
Hitler's faith transcended
formulas and contingencies. God was for him the basis of everything, the
ordainer of all things, of his Destiny and that of all others.
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